Khairulumma having ISSN No (2790-329x) is the trilingual (English, Urdu, Arabic) biannual research journal of Islamic Studies, which publishes papers in the field of Islamic Studies and Arabic having the features of creativeness and enquiry; however, it encourages the papers dealing with the Socio-Religious issues.
Department of Research Jamia Ahsan-ul-Uloom Peshawar
This article provides an overview of the history of Waqf, exploring its origins in Islam, when it became a formal institution, and which Muslim rulers significantly promoted Waqf during their reigns. The purpose of this article is to understand when this institution emerged in Islam, how it developed over time, and what changes it underwent. The history of Waqf is examined in different periods, such as:Waqf before Islam ,History of Waqf in Islam, including Waqf in the Prophetic Era Waqf in the Era of the Companions Waqf in the Era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs Waqf in the Umayyad Era Waqf in the Abbasid EraWaqf in the Fatimid Era Waqf in the Ottoman EraWaqf in the Indian Subcontinent. Each period is reviewed separately to provide a comprehensive understanding of Waqf’s historical development.
Waqf History,waqf institutions ,waqf in prophetic era,waqf in Subcontinent
Human Rights Violations in Gaza: An Analytical Review of the Positions of Arab Countries and Pakistan
The conflict in Gaza following 7 October 2023 produced one of the gravest humanitarian and human-rights crises of the contemporary period. Large-scale civilian deaths, destruction of homes and public infrastructure, repeated displacement, and severe restrictions on food, water, medicine and shelter generated sustained concern under international human-rights law and international humanitarian law. This article examines the political, diplomatic and humanitarian positions adopted by Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and other Arab states, Iran, Pakistan, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It finds broad rhetorical support for Palestinian rights but significant differences in policy instruments, diplomatic constraints and willingness to bear political or economic costs. Arab responses have frequently reflected security alignments, normalization policies and wider geopolitical interests, whereas Pakistan has retained a comparatively consistent policy of non-recognition of Israel and support for Palestinian self-determination. The article concludes that fragmented Muslim-state action and the limited enforcement capacity of the OIC have reduced their collective influence. Stronger diplomatic coordination, sustained humanitarian commitments, compliance with international law and a credible political process remain essential to protect civilians and advance Palestinian rights.
Gaza; human-rights violations; Palestine; Pakistan foreign policy; Arab countries; Organization of Islamic Cooperation; international humanitarian law.
الخطاب الدعوي بين الحِجاج العقلي والتأثير العاطفي: دراسة بلاغية تحليلية
This study examines the rhetorical construction of Islamic daʿwah discourse through the interaction between rational argumentation and emotional influence. It proceeds from the premise that effective religious persuasion cannot be achieved by addressing reason alone or by relying exclusively on emotional stimulation. Instead, it requires the integration of sound evidence, appropriate emotional appeal, speaker credibility, audience conditions, and ethical communication. The study employs a descriptive and analytical method to define daʿwah discourse, rational argumentation, and emotional persuasion, and then analyses selected Qurʾanic and Prophetic texts. These examples represent interrogation, analogy, causal reasoning, refutation, dialogue, hope, fear, compassionate address, narrative imagery, repetition, and behavioural example. The findings show that rational arguments in the Qurʾan are frequently presented through concise rhetorical structures that encourage the addressee to participate in producing the conclusion. Emotional influence, meanwhile, is generated by vocatives, vivid imagery, promise and warning, rhythm, narrative, and the moral conduct of the speaker. The study establishes that the strongest daʿwah discourse is one in which evidence produces intellectual conviction while emotion creates attention, trust, and willingness to act. It also distinguishes legitimate emotional persuasion from manipulation: legitimate persuasion is truthful, proportionate, respectful of human dignity, and open to questioning, whereas manipulation exploits fear, conceals evidence, and suppresses critical reflection. The study concludes that balance does not mean numerical equality between reason and emotion, but an appropriate rhetorical proportion determined by the subject, purpose, audience, and communicative context.
Daʿwah discourse; rational argumentation; emotional influence; persuasion; Qurʾanic rhetoric; Prophetic communication.
ترويج علم السيرة النبوية في كشمير خلال العهد المغولي: دراسة تحليلية للجهود العلمية للعلامة مير خواجه معين الدين هادي
This study examines the promotion of Sīrah studies in Kashmir during the Mughal period through an analytical investigation of the scholarly contributions of the eminent Naqshbandī scholar, Mīr Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn Hādī (d. 1085 AH). The research highlights his role in disseminating the knowledge of the Prophet’s biography (Sīrah) through teaching, spiritual guidance, and literary production. Particular attention is given to his Persian manuscript entitled Khaṣāʾiṣ Aḥmad Muṣṭafā, popularly known as Sair Khwāja Muʿīn Hādī, which represents a significant contribution to Sīrah literature in Mughal India. The study provides a codicological description of the manuscript, preserved in the University of Peshawar Library under manuscript number 344, consisting of 480 pages. It further investigates the circumstances of its composition, the rationale behind its title, and the author’s use of Ḥisāb al-Jummal (Abjad numerical calculation) to align the title with the year of completion, 1075 AH.The research analyzes the structural organization of the work, showing that the author arranged the material into an introduction, fourteen major sections (uṣūl), and a conclusion. The manuscript presents an account of the Prophet’s life, beginning with the Muhammadan Light, followed by his birth, mission, migration, miracles, unique characteristics, family life, and the virtues of his Companions. The author intentionally avoided lengthy narratives concerning previous prophets and unnecessary digressions, thereby maintaining a focused treatment of the Prophet’s biography. From a critical perspective, the study evaluates the author’s methodology in handling historical reports and prophetic traditions. It reveals that although the manuscript reflects devotion to the Prophet ﷺ and an effort to popularize Sīrah studies among Persian-speaking audiences, the author frequently cites traditions without precise references and does not consistently distinguish between authentic and weak narrations. Nevertheless, the work remains an important historical source illustrating the flourishing of Sīrah scholarship in Kashmir during the Mughal era. Overall, the study concludes that Mīr Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn Hādī played a significant role in preserving and disseminating the Prophetic biography, and that his manuscript constitutes a valuable contribution to the intellectual and literary heritage of Kashmir.
Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah; Kashmir; Mughal Period; Mīr Khwāja Muʿīn al-Dīn Hādī; Naqshbandī Order; Persian Manuscripts; Islamic Scholarship; Prophetic Biography; Indo-Islamic Intellectual History; Sīrah Literature; Mughal India; Kashmir Studies.
النقد الاجتماعي في شعر معروف الرصافي في ضوء القصيدة "الأرملة المرضعة"
This study examines the social criticism in the poetry of Ma'ruf al-Rusafi, with particular focus on his poem “الأرملة المرضعة” as a representative model of social poetry in modern Arabic literature. Living through a period of intense political and social transformation in Ottoman and Iraqi society, al-Rasāfī employed poetry as a conscious instrument of reform, directing his verse toward exposing injustice, poverty, ignorance, and moral decline within his community. The paper analyzes how the poem portrays the tragic condition of a poor widow and her infant as a vivid symbol of the suffering of marginalized social groups. Through detailed imagery, emotional expression, and direct moral appeal, the poet transforms an individual human scene into a powerful critique of societal negligence, the absence of compassion, and the failure of the wealthy and influential to uphold social responsibility. The study further highlights the ethical values embedded in the poem, such as sympathy for the weak, relief for the distressed, preservation of human dignity in charity, altruism, and the promotion of mercy and social solidarity. By tracing the linguistic, emotional, and thematic dimensions of the poem, this research demonstrates how al-Rasāfī’s poetry transcends traditional praise and satire to become a vehicle for conscious social reform. The poem emerges not merely as a literary text, but as a moral and social statement that calls for awareness, responsibility, and collective compassion. The study concludes that “الأرملة المرضعة” stands as a significant example of social criticism in modern Arabic poetry and reflects al-Rasāfī’s broader reformist vision of society.
Ma'ruf al-Rusafi –Social Criticism – The Nursing Widow – Modern Arabic Literature.
The Concept of Religious Pluralism and Its Impact on Interfaith Dialogue
Religious pluralism has emerged as a significant concept in contemporary discussions on interfaith relations, particularly in increasingly diverse and globalized societies. It refers not merely to the coexistence of multiple religions, but to a deeper philosophical and theological recognition of diversity as meaningful and potentially valid. This article examines the concept of religious pluralism, tracing its intellectual foundations and distinguishing it from related notions such as tolerance and inclusivism. It further analyzes how pluralism shapes interfaith dialogue by fostering mutual respect, reducing conflict, and encouraging constructive engagement among different religious communities. At the same time, the study highlights the challenges posed by doctrinal exclusivism, identity politics, and misinterpretations of pluralism. The article concludes that while religious pluralism provides a strong framework for effective interfaith dialogue, its success depends on balanced interpretation, ethical commitment, and sincere engagement from all parties involved.
Religious Pluralism, Interfaith Dialogue, Religious Diversity, Tolerance, Inclusivism, Exclusivism, Globalization, Peacebuilding
استیذان (اجازت لینے سے) متعلق شرعی حکمتیں اور آداب
Islam is a religion of nature, therefore it gives complete protection to the private life of man. It is aware of the natural needs of man, therefore it has formulated such rules and high social values that if we apply them in our lives, we will find peace, comfort and happiness. Islam has complete guidance on living in houses, entering them, and all the matters that are done in them. It is believed that only a stranger should inform about entering a house, but Islamic teachings say that whether it is a stranger or a member of the house, he should fully respect the private life of the people living in the house. Yes, there are some stricter teachings for strangers and some leniency for those living in the house, but etiquette has been taught to everyone, the sole purpose of which is to avoid bitterness, complications, and disgrace and to form a society that is outwardly and inwardly pure. The article under consideration describes the religious etiquette before and after entering homes and other private places. Hopefully, the readers will benefit greatly from it.
nature ,protection,rules,social values ,stranger
الدكتور زغلول النجار وجهوده في الإعجاز العلمي في القرآن الكريم وأثرها في الدعوة الإسلامية
This study investigates the intellectual contributions of Dr. Zaghloul El-Naggar to the discourse on scientific indications in the Qur’an. It focuses on examining his interpretive approach to verses that address natural and cosmic phenomena, while also assessing the influence of his work on modern Islamic outreach. In addition, the research highlights the value of connecting revealed knowledge with established scientific understanding as a means to deepen the faith of Muslims and to communicate effectively with non-Muslims through a logical and evidence-based framework. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, involving a systematic review of Dr. El-Naggar’s publications, critical analysis of selected examples from his interpretations, and a comparative evaluation alongside the perspectives
Scientific Miracles in the Qur’an, Zaghloul El-Naggar , Qur’an Interpretation, Islamic Preaching, Nature Verses
Raheela Imtiaz Syed Imtiaz ud din ka ka khail
فقه الدعوة تجاه الداعي وأصناف المدعوين في كتابات الشيخ جلال الدين عمري (دراسة تحليلية وصفية)
: This study explores the jurisprudence of Islamic preaching, focusing on the role of the preacher and the classification of invitees as articulated in the writings of Shaykh Jalal al-Din Umari. It highlights the central role of those who call to Islam, portraying them as guiding lights who lead people toward truth by conveying the message of Prophet Muhammad. The research emphasizes that such individuals bear a profound responsibility in communicating and defending Islamic teachings. Particular attention is given to Shaykh Jalal al-Din Umari as a prominent scholar who dedicated his life to this mission. His works reflect a deep intellectual commitment to confronting falsehood and upholding truth across multiple domains, including knowledge, politics, preaching, and education. His writings demonstrate both scholarly depth and a strong capacity for critical and systematic discourse, especially in matters related to the principles of Islamic preaching and the diversity of audiences addressed. The study aims to analyze his methodology and thought, recognizing his lifelong contribution to the field. By doing so, it seeks to enhance understanding of the jurisprudential foundations of preaching and the categorization of invitees within his framework. It also provides valuable guidance for scholars and students, offering a structured approach that can inform academic and practical engagement in this field. Through a comprehensive examination, the research identifies key factors influencing preaching and outlines the foundational principles guiding it. By situating his ideas within the intellectual and social context of his time, the study ultimately presents a coherent understanding of his methodological approach.
Jurisprudence of Islamic Preaching, Preacher, Categories of Invitees, Jalal al-Din Umari, Islamic Preaching
خیبرپختونخوا میں جرائم (رہزنی،ذاتی دشمنیوں اورمنشیات کی تیاری و اسمگلنگ )کی روک تھام میں مفتیان کرام کی خدمات کا تحقیقی تجزیہ
Crime prevention is a multidimensional challenge that requires legal, social, and moral frameworks working together. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, crimes such as robbery, drug trafficking, corruption, land disputes, extremism, and social unrest have affected stability over the past decades. Islamic teachings emphasize justice, moral responsibility, and social harmony. Religious scholars and Muftis play a crucial role in guiding society through fatwas, sermons, community mediation, and social awareness. This study analyzes crime patterns in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and examines the contribution of Muftis in crime prevention. The research concludes that collaboration between religious leadership, state institutions, and civil society can significantly reduce crime and strengthen social stability.
Muftis, Prevention , Crime ,Robbery, Personal Enmities, Drug Production , Smuggling
اسالیبِ دعوتِ اسلامی: احادیثِ نبوی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ
The demands of Da‘wah (invitation to Allah) require that a caller (da‘i) be one who delivers glad tidings, facilitates ease, and exhibits patience in the face of people’s stubbornness and harshness. The Prophet ﷺ consistently instructed the Companions to promote glad tidings and ease, highlighting the virtue of Muslims who mingle with others and endure their adversities with patience. Sincerity, freedom from ostentation, and complete avoidance of hypocrisy are fundamental prerequisites in this path, as acts performed for show and the discrepancy between words and deeds can render even the greatest of virtues futile on the Day of Judgment. A da‘i must strive to prevent all forms of polytheism, forbid manifestations such as crosses, uphold the oneness of Allah (Tawḥīd), and be prepared to offer their life in defense of faith, as exemplified in the incident of the seventy reciters. Another essential requirement of da‘wah is that a caller should not prevent anyone from worship, but rather guide them toward righteousness, enjoin good, forbid evil, and patiently endure the trials that accompany this process. The Prophet ﷺ extended his invitation even to close relatives, continuously reminding Abu Talib of the Kalima until his death. Likewise, he taught young companions, such as Ibn ‘Abbas (RA), the principles of divine protection, reliance (tawakkul), and predestination. Thus, the path of da‘wah spans from the beginning to the end of life, encompassing sincerity, monotheism, patience, consistency between word and deed, selflessness, exemplary character, and the continuous effort to connect creation with their Creator.
Da‘wah, Prophetic Traditions, Ahādīth, Methods of Da‘wah, Islamic Guidance
فارقلیط کی تعبیرات: مسلم اور مسیحی علمی ورثے میں ایک تقابلی مطالعہ برائے فروغِ ہم آہنگی
This study investigates the various interpretations of the Periklytos within Muslim and Christian intellectual heritage and examines how these understandings can contribute to fostering interreligious harmony. In Christian theology, the Periklytos primarily identified with the Holy Spirit in the Gospel of John, serves as a divine advocate, comforter, and guide for believers. In Islamic literature, however, classical and modern commentators have explored alternative interpretations, with some associating the Periklytos with prophetic references to the coming of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), while others frame it within broader concepts of divine support and revelation. Through a comparative analysis of scriptural sources, linguistic studies, early theological writings, and subsequent scholarly debates, this study highlights both the convergences and divergences in the ways Muslims and Christians have understood the Periclytos across history. It also situates these interpretations within their respective intellectual heritages, showing how historical interactions, polemics, and dialogue shaped the development of each tradition’s perspective.
Periklytos, Holy Spirit, Prophet Muhammad, Christian theology, Islamic hermeneutics, interfaith dialogue, Muslim-Christian relations, harmony.
THE PROCESS OF DEMOCRATIZATION AND ROLE OF OPPOSITION PARTIES IN PAKISTAN (2013-2022): A CRITICAL ANALYSIS
This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of opposition parties in shaping the democratization process in Pakistan between 2013 and 2022. Relying primarily on interviews and other qualitative data investigates into how opposition parties responded to key political events and challenges that defined this period. One of the central issues examined is the controversial general elections of 2013 and 2018, both of which were accompanied by widespread allegations of rigging and manipulation. These elections not only sparked intense reactions from opposition parties but also triggered significant political instability across the country. The research paper also explores the aftermath of these elections, particularly focusing on how political instability deepened after 2013. This instability created an instable environment where opposition parties played a crucial role in questioning the legitimacy of the ruling governments and calling for reforms in the electoral process. Paper addresses the intervention of apolitical actors, which further complicated the democratic process. Such interventions often led to compromised parliamentary supremacy, with non-political actors influencing key decisions and undermining democratic institutions. Another important theme is the increasing use of un-parliamentary and inflammatory rhetoric during this period. The political discourse between opposition parties and the government became increasingly hostile, contributing to a growing divide within the politics. It also examines issues related to accountability and political victimization, where opposition parties frequently accused the ruling government of targeting political opponents under the guise of accountability measures. Finally, the dissension between the government and opposition parties is discussed in detail, highlighting how this conflict hindered constructive dialogue and progress towards a more stable democratic system. This analysis aims to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by Pakistan’s democratic institutions during these critical years.
صفات الدّاعية وتطبيقاتها الدعوية من خلال "زاد المعاد" لابن القيم رحمه الله دراسة وصفية تحليلية
There is no doubt that the most important things that the Muslim preacher should pay attention to it in the da'wah process are the morals and good qualities that help the Muslim preacher to win over the invitees and influence them, and since many good qualities cannot be confined to these short papers, however, the researcher will try to point out the most important of these characteristics. Which the Muslim preacher strives to create with it and to comply with it, so that it becomes a temper and impresses himself on him, and because of its importance the Muslim scholars have been keen to mention it in their books and writings. Scholars have divided it with many considerations. Some of them divided it into intellectual qualities; which include intelligence, tact, intuition, high energy, and moral qualities such as modesty and dreams, attributes of faith such as sincerity and piety, psychological attributes such as humility, fairness and chastity. And some of them divide them into positive qualities that require the creation of negative qualities that the caller should avoid and some divide them into basic qualities such as faith and sincerity, and necessary qualities such as planning for the call, seizing opportunities etc. Looking at the book of Zad al-Ma'aad, we find that it includes many characteristics related to the Da'i that need to be explored, researched and extracted from the midst of this valuable book, or by deducing them from the verses and hadiths contained in the chapters of the book, or from the divisions of Imam Ibn al-Qayyim (may God have mercy on him) which indicate his broad knowledge and broad awareness and that he is one of the most important scholars who set an example for preachers and reformers, and it is worth noting that these qualities cannot be limited to this humble research, except that the researcher will point to the most important qualities that the Da'i should possess and create.
Imam Ibn al-Qayyim, Zad al-Ma'aad, Muslim preacher, Da'wah.
سماجی عدل کے مقاصد کا قرآنی فہم: جدید مفسرین کی آراء
This research examines the Qur’anic concept of social justice in light of the Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah (Objectives of Islamic Law). The study seeks to explore how the Qur’an establishes justice as a foundational value in achieving balance, equality, and human welfare in society. It provides a comparative and analytical study of modern Qur’anic exegetes, including al-Tahir ibn ‘Ashur, Sayyid Qutb, Rashid Rida, and Wahbah al-Zuhayli, focusing on how they interpreted the Qur’anic verses concerning justice through the lens of divine objectives. The findings indicate that these modern scholars have expanded the traditional legal understanding of justice to include moral, social, and human dimensions. According to them, social justice in the Qur’an is not limited to legal retribution or fairness but represents a comprehensive system based on human dignity, social balance, and collective responsibility. This study highlights that the Maqāṣid-based interpretation provides a holistic framework for understanding Qur’anic guidance relevant to the challenges of modern societies, emphasizing the dynamic and universal nature of Islamic Justice, Human Dignity.
Maqasid al-Shariah, Social Justice, Modern Exegesis, Qur’anic Interpretation, al-Tahir ibn Ashur, Sayyid Qutb, Rashid Rida, Wahbah al-Zuhayli, Ethical Justice, Human Dignity.
دور الشعر العربي في نشر السيرة النبوية وتعليم القيم الأخلاقية دراسة أدبية تربوية تحليلية
This research examines the role of Arabic poetry in disseminating the Prophetic biography (Sirah) and teaching moral values in Islamic society since the advent of Islam. Before Islam, Arabic poetry functioned as the primary medium for preserving history and social values, which facilitated its later use in transmitting the events of the Prophet Muhammad’s life. Islam redirected the function of poetry from serving tribal pride to serving the Islamic message, making it a tool for defending the Prophet, spreading the message, and instilling ethical values. The study shows that Arabic poetry played a significant role in portraying the Prophet’s character and highlighting his moral qualities, such as honesty, justice, mercy, and patience. It also highlights the contributions of Sirah poets, particularly Hassan ibn Thabit and Ka‘b ibn Zuhayr, in combining artistic expression with moral education. The research concludes that Arabic poetry served as an effective educational and moral instrument in preserving the Sirah and transmitting Islamic ethical values across generations.
Arabic Poetry, Prophetic Biography (Sirah), Moral Values, Islamic Education
الأمر في معناه غير الحقيقي في كتاب المستدرك على الصحيحين للحاكم النيسابوري-الأمر للدعاء أنموذجا
This study examines the non-literal meaning of the imperative in al-Mustadrak ʿalā al-Ṣaḥīḥayn by al-Ḥākim al-Nīsābūrī, focusing specifically on one of its most prominent figurative uses: the imperative that expresses supplication (duʿāʾ). The research demonstrates that the imperative form in supplications and devotional texts found in al-Mustadrak does not retain its original meaning of command or obligation. Instead, contextual clues convert it into a meaning of humble invocation, since the addressee is God and the verbs used—such as forgive, have mercy, grant sustenance, save us—cannot logically convey authoritative command. The study presents several examples of Prophetic supplications in which the imperative serves the function of prayer, including invocations for forgiveness, guidance, protection, and communal well-being. It also highlights the rhetorical value of this usage, such as its brevity, emotional intensity, expression of devotion, and rhythmic harmony within supplicatory discourse. The research concludes that the imperative used for supplication is one of the most significant figurative meanings of the imperative in Hadith texts, and it is especially prevalent in al-Mustadrak due to the devotional nature of many of its narrations.
The Non-Literal Meaning of the Imperative in Al-Mustadrak ʿalā al-Ṣaḥīḥayn: The Imperative of Supplication as a Model
معالم العرفان فی دروس القرآن میں صوفی عبدالحمید سواتی کے اسلوب اور خصوصیات کا جائزہ
This study critically examines the stylistic features and methodological approach of Sufi Abdul Hamid Swati in his Quranic commentary Ma‘alim al-Irfan fi Duroos al-Qur’an. The research highlights his distinctive expository style, marked by clarity, simplicity, and coherence, and his methodological framework that integrates classical Tafsir principles with insights from Hadith and the sayings of the Sahaba. It also explores how Swati contextualizes Quranic teachings within spiritual, ethical, and social dimensions, reflecting his Sufi orientation and addressing contemporary moral and social issues. The analysis shows that his approach maintains textual fidelity while promoting spiritual reflection, offering valuable guidance for scholars and students of Islamic studies. Overall, the study provides an insightful perspective on his contribution to Quranic exegesis within a Sufi and analytical paradigm.
Tafsir Methodology, Sufi Exegesis, Ma‘alim al-Irfan, Stylistic Analysis, Quranic Interpretation, Analytical Study
انتہا پسندی: خاندانی نظام کی کمزوریوں اور سماجی بگاڑ کا تجزیاتی جائزہ
This study critically analyzes the impact of extremism on the stability of family structures and the broader social fabric. It explores how extremist ideologies infiltrate domestic life, weakening familial bonds, disrupting communication, and fostering an environment of fear, intolerance, and psychological stress. The research further examines the social consequences of such ideologies, including polarization, breakdown of community cohesion, erosion of mutual trust, and the rise of violence and discrimination. Drawing on contemporary scholarship and Islamic teachings, the study highlights the underlying causes that allow extremism to penetrate social systems and proposes comprehensive strategies—educational, ethical, and community-based—to counter its influence. The findings underscore the urgent need for balanced intellectual frameworks and strong moral values to safeguard families and societies from the destructive effects of extremism.
Extremism; Family Structure; Social Disintegration; Domestic Stability; Community Cohesion; ; Islamic Teachings; Social Harmony; Violence; Psychological Impact.
معذورکا مفہوم اور اقسام :اسلام اوربین الاقوامی نقطہ نظر میں(ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ)
The article titled "The Concept and Types of Disability: An Analytical Study in Islamic and International Perspectives" provides a comprehensive exploration of disability from both Islamic and global viewpoints. It examines the definition of disability, its different classifications, and the ways in which societies perceive and respond to individuals with disabilities. Drawing on Islamic texts, the study highlights how disability is understood within the framework of Islamic theology, ethics, and law, offering a unique perspective on inclusion and the rights of persons with disabilities. The article also compares these views with international standards, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), to analyze how global policies address issues related to disability, inclusion, and empowerment. By examining both religious and secular approaches, the paper seeks to identify common ground and potential areas of conflict between Islamic and international perspectives. This comparative analysis not only enhances the understanding of disability in diverse contexts but also advocates for a more inclusive approach, emphasizing the need for global cooperation in creating a more equitable environment for individuals with disabilities. The study contributes to ongoing discourse on disability, providing valuable insights for policymakers, scholars, and religious leaders alike.
Disability, Islamic theology, international perspectives, inclusion, rights of persons with disabilities
This study examines the rhetorical techniques of simile and metaphor in Surah Al-Baqarah focusing on their artistic aesthetic and communicative dimensions within the Qur’anic discourse. Through an analytical and descriptive approach the research explores how these two rhetorical devices serve as essential tools for expressing profound spiritual meanings and moral values. The study highlights that Quranic similes and metaphors transcend linguistic ornamentation functioning instead as vehicles of divine wisdom and emotional persuasion. Each image in the Surah reflects a deliberate harmony between form and meaning revealing the Quran’s unparalleled eloquence (i‘jaz bayani). Similes in this chapter clarify abstract ideas through sensory imagery while metaphors transform invisible concepts such as faith hypocrisy and guidance into vivid tangible expressions. The analysis concludes that the rhetorical beauty of Surah Al-Baqarah lies in its ability to merge intellectual depth with artistic expression. These stylistic techniques not only enhance the aesthetic value of the Qur’anic text but also strengthen its persuasive and educational power demonstrating how divine eloquence unites the heart and the mind in the pursuit o
Quranic rhetoric Surah Al-Baqarah simile metaphor eloquence Qur’anic imagery i‘jaz bayani.
An Analytical, Scholarly, and Critical Study of the Doctrines of the Zikri Faith
This research paper, titled “An Analytical, Scholarly, and Critical Study of the Doctrines of the Zikri Faith,” presents a comprehensive analytical study of the history, beliefs, social structure, and intellectual evolution of the Zikri sect, which originated in the Indian subcontinent, particularly in Balochistan. The main objective of this study is to critically and academically analyze the historical background of the Zikri religion, its political and religious factors, and its intellectual deviations from Islamic beliefs. The foundation of the Zikri sect was laid around the fifteenth century A.D., when its early followers began preaching their ideas in Makran and the coastal regions of Balochistan. From the very beginning, it deviated from its original Islamic spirit and adopted a distinct religious identity. Later, under the influence of the Bilidi and Gichki rulers, this sect also gained political stability. Abdul Ghani Baloch and Abdul Karim Dost have rejected this impression, declaring their religion to be a spiritual school within Islam that believes in monotheism, the Qur’an, prophethood, and the fundamental pillars of Islam. Regarding the deviant beliefs from Islam, it is stated that during the period of Mulla Murad Gichki, significant changes occurred in the fundamental doctrines of the Zikri faith, which transformed it into a new religious system distinct from traditional Islam. With detailed references, the paper makes it clear that in the early Zikri beliefs, Muhammad Mahdi Atki was elevated to the rank of Mahdi al-Akhir al-Zaman and even to the status of a prophet. Their specific creed — “La ilaha illallah, Noor Muhammad Mahdi Rasul Allah” — became prevalent, and there were clear deviations from Islamic teachings regarding prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, and the Qibla. However, contemporary Zikri scholars, especially this paper, deeply analyze the intellectual changes, political influences, and reform movements of this religious group in a historical context.
Ghani Baloch ,Abdul Karim Dost ,Mulla Murad Gichki,Atki.
"Reassessing Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri and the Mahdavi Movement: A Reappraisal of History and Thought
This research paper presents an analytical and critical study of the Mahdavi movement within the religious and intellectual history of the Indian subcontinent, focusing on its background, evolution, and the personality and role of its founder, Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri (RA). Drawing upon historical sources such as Muntakhab alTawarikh, TabaqatiAkbari, A’iniAkbari, Akhbar alAkhyar, Nuzhat alKhawatir, and Tadhkira by Abul Kalam Azad, the author demonstrates that Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri (RA) neither claimed prophethood nor divinity, nor did he issue any edict to abandon the essential pillars of Islam such as prayer and fasting. Rather, he was a pious scholar, ascetic, and reformer of Shari‘ah, who launched a movement for amr bil ma‘ruf (enjoining good) and the revival of true Islamic practice amid a period of moral and religious decline. However, his later followers, through excess and misunderstanding, transformed his reformist call into a distinct sectarian identity. The research further establishes that Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri’s contemporariessuch as Shaykh ‘Ali Muttaqi, ‘Abd alHaqq Muhaddith Dehlavi, ‘Abd alQadir Badayuni, and Shaykh Wajih alDin Gujaratipraised his knowledge, piety, asceticism, and spiritual insight, even though they differed with some of his theological interpretations. In conclusion, this paper argues that identifying Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri (RA) as the “Promised Mahdi” is not a reflection of his true teachings, but rather the outcome of later reinterpretations and exaggerations by his followers. Hence, the study serves as a balanced, intellectually moderate, and historically grounded contribution to the understanding of South Asia’s religious reform movementsoffering a valuable scholarly resource for researchers of Sufism and Islamic revivalism.
Mahdavi, movement ,Muntakhab alTawarikh,TabaqatiAkbari,fasting
An Academic and Research-Based Study on the Background and Evolutionary Stages of the Mahdavi Movement
This research paper presents a historical and analytical study of the Mahdavi Movement in the Indian Subcontinent, tracing its origins, intellectual foundations, and stages of evolution. It establishes that Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri (RA) — later proclaimed by his followers as the “Promised Mahdi” — was in reality a devout, pious, and reformist scholar (‘Ālim-e-Bā‘amal) rather than a claimant of any new prophethood or independent religious authority. The study reveals that Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri’s true mission was centered on revival of Shari‘ah, purification of the self, and enjoining good and forbidding evil (Amr bil Ma‘rūf wa Nahy ‘an al-Munkar). He rose against the moral decay, religious formalism, and materialism prevalent among Muslims of his time, calling them back to the spirit of faith and sincere worship. However, after his death, some of his followers deviated from his original teachings and introduced exaggerated interpretations that had no direct connection with his authentic message. These later developments transformed a reformist and spiritual movement into an organized sectarian group known as the Mahdavi Movement. Their speculative interpretations of the Prophetic traditions on al-Mahdi distorted the essence of Jaunpuri’s original call. Drawing upon primary historical sources such as Muntakhab al-Tawarikh (Badayuni), Tabaqāt-e-Akbari (Nizam al-Din Ahmad), Akhbar al-Akhiyar (Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehlavi), Nuzhat al-Khawatir, and Tadhkira by Abul Kalam Azad, the paper demonstrates that contemporary scholars — including Sheikh Ali Muttaqi, Sheikh Wajih al-Din Gujarati, Abdul Qadir Badayuni, and Abdul Haq Muhaddith Dehlavi — acknowledged Syed Muhammad Jaunpuri’s piety, knowledge, and sincerity, even if they disagreed with certain beliefs later attributed to his followers. The study concludes that Jaunpuri’s original message was one of spiritual renewal, adherence to Sunnah, and moral reformation, while the sectarian Mahdavi doctrines were later constructions. His so-called claim to Mahdiship was neither explicit nor doctrinal but the result of interpretive exaggerations by later adherents.
سینٹ پال کا عیسائیت کی تشکیل میں ایک متنازع کردار
This article investigates the foundational influences behind the development of Christianity, questioning whether its present form aligns more with the original teachings of Jesus or with later theological interpretations. It contrasts Jesus' emphasis on love, morality, and closeness to God with the structured doctrines introduced later, including divinity, atonement, and salvation. The study critiques the figure traditionally credited with formalizing these beliefs, highlighting their incorporation of Hellenistic, Gnostic, and non-Jewish elements. Despite identifying significant doctrinal alterations and theological shifts, the argument paradoxically maintains that this figure remains the essential path to God and Christ. This contradiction raises important questions about scholarly objectivity and whether the prevailing understanding of Christianity is shaped more by faith or historical reinterpretation.
Christianity ,Atonement, Divinity of Christ, Gnostic, Hellenistic
A Detailed Shariah Analysis of Diplomatic and Political Treaties between the Umayyad Caliphate and Non-Muslim States: Historical Context, Legal Implications, and Contemporary
A Detailed Shariah Analysis of Diplomatic and Political Treaties between the Umayyad Caliphate and Non-Muslim States explores the intricate relationships forged between the Umayyad Caliphate and various non-Muslim entities during its expansive rule from 661 to 750 CE and this period, marked by significant territorial growth and cultural development, necessitated a sophisticated diplomatic approach to navigate interactions with Byzantine, Persian, and local tribes. As the first prominent Islamic dynasty, the Umayyads set critical precedents in diplomacy, blending military strategy with political negotiation in a diverse geopolitical landscape that included Islamic and non-Islamic societies. These diplomatic treaties are analyzed within the context of Shariah principles that governed relations between the Umayyads and their non-Muslim counterparts. Islamic teachings, emphasizing respect for envoys and the necessity of protecting diplomatic representatives, provided a foundational legal and ethical framework for treaty-making. Noteworthy examples include the Treaty of Hudaibiya and the Pact of 'Umar, which reflect a blend of strategic interests and adherence to Islamic law and the complex conditions that arose from these agreements. Implementing principles such as envoy impunity and the humanistic obligations of Muslim rulers highlights the dual role of diplomacy as both a tool for governance and a mechanism for promoting peace. Despite their diplomatic successes, the Umayyad Caliphate's engagements were not without controversy. Scholarly debates have emerged over the authenticity and motivations behind certain treaties, with critiques focusing on religious rhetoric's political appropriation and socio-political emotions' influence during this tumultuous era. The interplay between military actions and diplomatic negotiations, especially in the context of internal dissent and the threat from rival powers, complicates understanding these treaties and their implications for later Islamic states. In sum, this analysis offers a comprehensive examination of the diplomatic strategies employed by the Umayyad Caliphate, illustrating their lasting impact on subsequent Islamic diplomacy and the intricate balance between governance, religious obligations, and the pragmatism required in statecraft. By elucidating the principles and controversies surrounding these treaties, the work contributes to a broader understanding of the dynamics between the Umayyad Caliphate and non-Muslim states and the enduring legacy of Islamic diplomatic practices.
Shariah ,Analysis ,Diplomatic ,Political Treaties, Umayyad Caliphate , Non-Muslim
اصولی و تفسیری مناہج میں زمخشری (معتزلی) اور بیضاوی (اشعری) کا تقابل
This research paper presents a comparative study of the methodological approaches of two eminent classical Qur’anic exegetes: al-Zamakhsharī (d. 538 AH), the author of al-Kashshāf, and al-Bayḍāwī (d. 685 AH), the author of Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Taʾwīl. Al-Zamakhsharī’s exegesis is distinguished by its Muʿtazilite theological orientation, its deep engagement with Arabic rhetoric (balāghah) and linguistics, and its rational interpretation of Qur’anic verses. In contrast, al-Bayḍāwī drew extensively from al-Zamakhsharī’s linguistic and rhetorical insights but revised or moderated Muʿtazilite theological positions in line with Ashʿarī principles, thereby offering a more balanced theological framework. The study analyzes both exegetes’ methodologies through several dimensions: principles of tafsīr, theological tendencies, interpretation of verses concerning divine attributes, use of taʾwīl, rhetorical style, linguistic analysis, and the balance between reason (ʿaql) and revelation (naql). The comparative analysis reveals that while al-Zamakhsharī embedded Muʿtazilite doctrines within his exegesis, al-Bayḍāwī systematically refined these interpretations, producing a tafsīr that became a standard reference for later Sunni exegetes. This research highlights the intellectual interplay between Muʿtazilite and Ashʿarī traditions in classical tafsīr and sheds light on the evolution of Qur’anic hermeneutics in Islamic thought.
al-Zamakhsharī – al-Bayḍāwī – Tafsīr – al-Kashshāf – Anwār al-Tanzīl – Muʿtazilite Theology – Ashʿarī Principles – Rhetoric – Taʾwīl – Qur’anic Exegesis
An Analytical Study on the Use of Dark Patterns inCommerce: A Shariah and Ethical Perspective
In contemporary commerce, businesses increasingly employ dark patterns—deceptive design strategies intended to manipulate consumer behaviour and maximise profit. Common tactics include pre-ticked boxes, subscription traps, roach motels, and confirm shaming, which exploit consumer inattention or psychological pressure, compelling individuals to act against their genuine intent. From an Islamic legal and ethical standpoint, such practices raise serious concerns. The Qur’an explicitly prohibits unjust consumption of wealth, permitting trade only when conducted through mutual consent. Prophetic traditions (Hadith) further affirm that a sale is valid solely when founded upon genuine willingness. These principles underscore the centrality of transparency, justice, and voluntary agreement within Islamic commercial ethics. This study undertakes an analytical examination of dark patterns in light of Shariah and ethical frameworks, assessing their implications for consumer rights,market integrity, and social trust. The findings reveal that although these tactics may generate short-term corporate gains, they undermine fairness, violate consumer autonomy, and erode long-term trust in the marketplace. Consequently,from both Shariah and ethical perspectives, dark patterns are not only objectionable but impermissible, necessitating their abandonment in favour of commerce grounded in honesty, fairness, and informed consent.
Dark Patterns, Consumer Rights, Shariah Compliance, Islamic Commercial Ethics, Transparency, Mutual Consent
Conditions and Procedures for the Selection of a Caliph or Imam in Islam
Islam is a complete and international religious which has the information and prediction regarding every aspect of life, it’s a complete religion because it covers each and every affair a human life here and hereafter. This study explores the Islamic outline for appointing a leader—Imam or Caliph—within the broader context of religious obligation, political authority, and legal responsibility. Drawing upon classical Islamic jurisprudence and historical precedents, it critically examines the role of Ahl al-Ḥall wa al-ʿAqd, the lawfulness of leadership through consultation, and the legal need (or lack thereof) of witnesses in validating leadership. The study emphasizes that leadership in Islam is not based on hereditary succession or popular mass election, but rather on merit, consultation, and adherence to the Sharia. This study is important for all Islamic and non-Islamic states, because Islam political system is a complete and reliable worldwide system, which has predicted each and every aspect of life, at the same time this study lets us know how leaders are appointed in Islamic society. The aim of this study is to clarify the procedure of selecting a Muslim leader, and what are the requirements of Islamic Caliph. We have conducted this study library based, we have tried our best to use the well-known citation format, after all we have studied well enough regarding literature review and have mentioned them as well. The findings of the study shows that a leader can be appointed in Islam political system; Appointment by Ahl al-Hall wa al-‘Aqd (People of Authority and Decision-Making), and the requirements for selecting a Muslim leader are: Islam, justice,Quirshi, masculinity, physically and mentally well, and mujtahid.
سورۃ النبا کی ابتدائی آیات میں ذکر کردہ منتخب تقابلی مباحث(نبا عظیم اور عقیدہ آخرت ) کا علمی وتحقیقی جائزہ تفسیر حقانی کی روشنی میں
The primary focus of these verses is to elucidate the reality of Qiyamah (Resurrection) and the Hereafter. Addressing those who reject the concept of divine recompense for human actions, the Qur’an delivers the momentous news of an inevitable day when the present world will cease to exist, humanity will be resurrected, and every individual will be rewarded or punished according to their deeds. For the insightful and reflective mind, this is indeed the Great News—a profound message that unsettles those who live without restraint, pursuing worldly desires, and believing that life ends with mere worldly existence. The disbelievers persistently, and with incredulity, questioned the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) regarding the timing and nature of that Day. These verses explore the varied modes of questioning and the diversity of opinions surrounding them. The exegeses of “An-Naba Al-‘Azim” are presented, incorporating the perspectives of renowned Mufassirun (Qur’anic commentators). The discussion further examines the positions of different religious traditions on the nature of the soul (ruh). In addition, the reasons behind the polytheists’ denial of the Hereafter are analyzed, shedding light on the intellectual and moral grounds for their rejection.
Qiyamah, Hereafter, Reward , Punishment, Great News,